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Glossary of Policy Insight Terms

The following glossary defines economic terminology relevant to Policy Insight. These definitions also appear in Policy Insight's "Help" file. If you have any questions or comments about the glossary or do not find what you are looking for, please contact us.

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Actual Capital Stock

See Regional Residential Actual Capital Stock and Regional Nonresidential Actual Capital Stock.

Administration & Unallocable

Amount spent by the state or local government for Administration and Unallocable.

Alcoholic Beverages

Includes taxes on the sale of alcoholic beverages, whether collected through government-operated liquor stores or through private outlets.

Amenity Term

A name for the regional constant or compensating differential; represents a quality of life measure; an area with a positive amenity is considered to have a high quality of life rating relative to the nation. Quality of life refers to things like weather, air quality, crime rates, etc.; attractiveness of an area not explained by economic factors.

Average Annual Compensation Rate

Average Annual Compensation Rate is calculated by dividing Compensation by Employment.

Average Annual Compensation Rate is affected by changes in the demand or supply of labor.

For example, an increase in the Average Annual Compensation Rate can be caused by an increase in the demand for labor or a decrease in the supply of labor.

Average State Effective Corporate Profit Tax Rate

Average State Effective Corporate Profit Tax Rate is the amount of state tax collections divided by the amount of estimated corporate profits averaged across all of the states.

Average State Effective Corporate Profit Tax Rate is determined outside of the model.

Average State Equipment Tax Rate

Average State Equipment Tax Rate is a tax on Producers' Durable Equipment averaged across all of the states.

Average State Equipment Tax Rate is determined outside of the model.

Average State Investment Tax Credit

Average State Investment Tax Credit is a tax credit on Investment averaged across all of the states.

Average State Investment Tax Credit is determined outside of the model.

Average State Property Tax Rate

Average State Property Tax Rate is the amount of state tax collections divided by the level of Residential and Non-Residential Actual Capital Stock averaged across all of the states.

Average State Property Tax Rate is determined outside of the model.

Bonds as % of Corporate Financing

Bonds as % of Corporate Financing is the proportion of Liabilities and Stockholder's Equity that is Liabilities (for Manufacturing industries).

Business Payments

Business Payments consist of personal injury liability payments to individuals other than employees, and of corporate gifts to nonprofit organizations that serve individuals.

Business Payments to Individuals

Business Payments to Individuals consist of personal injury liability payments to individuals other than employees.

Capital Costs

See Relative Capital Costs.

Capital Share of Output

Depreciation on equipment and structures, and profit for businesses, used as an input to production.

CBI net IVA+MISC

CBI net IVA+MISC refers to the change in private inventories. It represents the change in the physical volume of inventories owned by private business, valued at the average prices of the period. It differs from the change in the book value of inventories reported by many businesses; the difference is the inventory valuation adjustment (IVA).

CBI net IVA+MISC is affected by changes in Employment and the national level of CBI.

For example, an increase in CBI net IVA+MISC can be caused by an increase in Employment or an increase in the national level of CBI.

Change in Business Inventories

See CBI net IVA+MISC.

Commodity Access Index

The Commodity Access Index measures the change in access to specialized inputs into production in order to predict the change in the productivity of intermediate inputs. The index is relative to the nation, and benchmarked to the last history year.

Commodity Access Index is affected by changes in Supply and Effective Distance.

For example, an increase in Commodity Access Index can be caused by an increase in Supply or a decrease in Effective Distance.

Commodity Price

Commodity Price is the price of a consumption commodity based on 1.0 for the nation in the reference year. A region's commodity price may or may not equal 1.0 in the reference year. If it is lower than 1.0, then the price in the area is less than it is in the nation; if it is higher, then the price is higher than it is in the nation. Assumes Cobb-Douglas substitutability of the sectors that are inputs into the consumption commodity. Used to calculate the PCE-Price Index.

Commodity Price is affected by changes in Relative Delivered Price.

For example, an increase in the Commodity Price can be caused by an increase in Relative Delivered Price.

Compensating Differential

The amount of expected income in an area, relative to the nation, that will keep net economic migration at zero; if the value is greater than one, then the area is considered to be amenity-poor and requires higher expected income, and vice versa.

Compensation

Compensation is the sum of Wage and Salary Disbursements and Supplements to Wages and Salaries.

Composite Input Costs

See Relative Composite Input Costs.

Composite Labor Costs

See Relative Composite Labor Costs.

Composite Price

See Relative Composite Price.

Consumption

Consumption is the expenditure on goods and services out of local real disposable income, and is a final demand component of Gross Regional Product.

Consumption is affected by changes in Real Disposable Personal Income, Population, and Commodity Price.

For example, an increase in Consumption can be caused by an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income, an increase in Population, or a decrease in Commodity Price.

Contributions for Government Social Insurance

These contributions, which are subtracted in the calculation of personal income, consist of Employee and Self-Employed Contributions for Government Social Insurance and Employer Contributions for Government Social Insurance.

Convergence Flag

Convergence Flag indicates whether or not the model convergence criteria have been met. A value of one indicates that the model has solved within the given solution tolerance; a value of zero indicates that the model has not solved within the given solution tolerance.

Corporate Income Taxes

Includes:
Taxes on corporations and unincorporated businesses (when taxed separately from individual income), measured by net income, whether on corporations in general or on specific kinds of corporations, such as financial institutions.

Excludes:
Income taxes on gross income or receipts of corporations (report at Sales and Gross Receipts Taxes); and combined corporation and individual income taxes not separable by type.

Notes:
Although such taxes may be called "license" or "franchise" taxes, they are classified here if measured by net income.

Corporate Profit Tax Rate

Corporate Profit Tax Rate is the amount of tax collections divided by the amount of estimated corporate profits (at the state level).

Corporate Profit Tax Rates are determined outside of the model.

Delivered Price

See Relative Delivered Price.

Demand

Demand is the amount of goods and services demanded by the local region (imports plus self supply).

Demand is affected by changes in the following components: Consumption, Investment, Intermediate Demand, Government Spending, and Exports.

For example, an increase in any of the above demand components results in increased Demand.

Depreciation Rate

See Residential Depreciation Rate and Non-Residential Depreciation Rate.

Disposable Personal Income

Disposable Personal Income equals Personal Income minus Personal Taxes.

Disposable Personal Income is affected by changes in Personal Income and Personal Taxes.

For example, an increase in Disposable Personal Income can be caused by an increase in Personal Income or a decrease in Personal Taxes.

Dividends

See Dividends, Interest, and Rent.

Dividends, Interest, and Rent

Dividends consist of the payments in cash or other assets, excluding the corporation's own stock, made by corporations located in the nation or abroad to persons who are residents of the nation. It excludes that portion of dividends paid by regulated investment companies (mutual funds) related to capital gains distributions.

Interest is the interest income (monetary and imputed) of persons from all sources.

Rent is the net income of persons from the rental of real property except for the income of persons primarily engaged in the real estate business; the imputed net rental income of the owner-occupants of nonfarm dwellings; and the royalties received from patents, copyrights, and the right to natural resources.

Dividends, Interest, and Rent is affected by changes in Population.

For example, an increase in Dividends, Interest, and Rent can be caused by an increase in Population.

Earnings by Place of Work

Earnings by Place of Work is the sum of Wage & Salary Disbursements, Supplements to Wages and Salaries, and Proprietors' Income.

Earnings by Place of Work as % of Nation

Earnings by Place of Work as % of Nation is the sum of Wage & Salary Disbursements, Supplements to Wages and Salaries, and Proprietors' Income, divided by the same in the nation.

Economic Migrants

Migrants under age 65 (who were part of the civilian population the preceding year) who respond to economic and amenity factors; if value is negative, then more people are moving out of a region than moving in, and vice versa.

Economic Migration

The flow of migrants into the region who respond to economic and amenity factors; if value is negative, then more people are moving out of a region than moving in, and vice versa.

Education Charges

Charges derived from the operation of public elementary and secondary school systems and higher education.

Elementary and Secondary Education; Libraries

Amount spent by the state or local government for Elementary and Secondary Education and Libraries.

Employee and Self-Employed Contributions for Government Social Insurance

These contributions, which are subtracted in the calculation of personal income, consist of the contributions or payments by employees, by the self-employed, and by other individuals who participate in the following government programs: Old-age, survivors', and disability insurance (social security); hospital insurance; supplementary medical insurance; unemployment insurance; railroad retirement; veterans' life insurance; and temporary disability insurance.

Employee Retirement

Contributions for social insurance programs administered solely by the Federal Government (Social Security and Medicare, Veterans' Life Insurance, and Railroad Retirement).

Contributions from employees and other governments (as employers or as grants-in-aid and shared taxes); and interest earnings on investments of retirement systems administered by governments for public employees.

Employer Contributions for Employee Pension and Insurance Plans

This component of personal income consists of employer payments to private and government employee retirement plans, private group health and life insurance plans, privately administered workers' compensation plans, and supplemental unemployment benefit plans.

Employer Contributions for Government Social Insurance

These contributions, which are subtracted in the calculation of personal income as part of contributions for government social insurance, consist of employer payments under the following Federal, state, and local government programs: Old-age, survivors', and disability insurance (OASDI); hospital insurance (HI); unemployment insurance; railroad retirement; government employee retirement; pension benefit guaranty; veterans' life insurance; publicly-administered workers' compensation; military employee programs (veterans' life and military medical insurance); and temporary disability insurance.

Employment

Employment comprises estimates of the number of jobs, full-time plus part-time, by place of work. Full-time and part-time jobs are counted at equal weight. Employees, sole proprietors, and active partners are included, but unpaid family workers and volunteers are not included.

Employment is affected by changes in Output and Labor Productivity.

For example, an increase in Employment can be caused by an increase in Output or a decrease in Labor Productivity.

Employment As % of Nation

Employment As % of Nation is Employment in the region as a share of the nation.

Employment As % of Nation is affected by changes in Employment in the region relative to the nation.

For example, an increase in Employment As % of Nation can be caused by an increase in Employment in the region and a decrease (or smaller increase) in Employment in the nation.

Employment by Occupation

Employment by Occupation represents industry Employment that has been distributed to occupations based on a national occupation-by-industry matrix.

Endogenous

Variables solved for within the model.

Equipment Tax Rate

Equipment Tax Rate is a tax on Producers' Durable Equipment, which enters an industry's Relative Capital Costs by affecting the cost of equipment.

Equipment Tax Rates are determined outside of the model.

Exogenous

Variables not solved for in the model; values are determined outside the model.

Exogenous Final Demand

Exogenous Final Demand refers to the direct amount of industry demand entered by the user into the Exogenous Final Demand Policy Variable.

Exogenous Industry Demand

Exogenous Industry Demand refers to the direct amount of Industry Final Demand entered by the user into the Exogenous Industry Final Demand Policy Variable.

Exogenous Industry Demand Employment

Exogenous Industry Demand Employment refers to the direct amount of Industry Final Demand entered by the user into the Exogenous Industry Final Demand Policy Variable and converted to Employees using Labor Productivity.

Exogenous Industry Sales

Exogenous Industry Sales refers to the direct amount of Industry Sales entered by the user into the Exogenous Industry Sales Policy Variable.

Exogenous Industry Sales Employment

Exogenous Industry Sales Employment refers to the direct amount of Industry Sales entered by the user into the Exogenous Industry Sales Policy Variable and converted to Employees using Labor Productivity.

Exports to Multiregions

Exports to Multiregions is the amount of local production exported out of the local region to destinations in other regions in a multi-regional model. Exports to Multiregions is affected by changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the other regions in a multi-area model, or changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the local region. For example, an increase in Exports to Multiregions can be caused by an increase in Demand, a decrease in Supply, or an increase in Production Cost in other regions in a multi-area model, or a decrease in Demand, an increase in Supply, or a decrease in Production Cost in the local region.

Exports to Multiregions Employment

Exports to Multiregions Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for a region's goods and services from the other regions in a multi-area model.

Exports to Multiregions Employment is affected by changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the other regions in a multi-area model, or changes in Supply, Demand, Production Cost, or Labor Productivity in the local region.

For example, an increase in Exports to Multiregions Employment can be caused by an increase in Demand, a decrease in Supply, or an increase in Production Cost in other regions in a multi-area model, or a decrease in Demand, an increase in Supply, a decrease in Production Cost, or a decrease in Labor Productivity in the local region.

Exports to Rest of Nation

Exports to Rest of Nation is the amount of local production exported out of the local region to the rest-of-nation region.

Exports to Rest of Nation is affected by changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the rest-of-nation region, or changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the local region.

For example, an increase in Exports to Rest of Nation can be caused by an increase in Demand, a decrease in Supply, or an increase in Production Cost in the rest-of-nation region, or a decrease in Demand, an increase in Supply, or a decrease in Production Cost in the local region.

Exports to Rest of Nation Employment

Exports to Rest of Nation Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for a region's goods and services from areas in the rest-of-nation region.

Exports to Rest of Nation Employment is affected by changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the rest-of-nation region, or changes in Supply, Demand, Production Cost, or Labor Productivity in the local region.

For example, an increase in Exports to Rest of Nation Employment can be caused by an increase in Demand, a decrease in Supply, or an increase in Production Cost in the rest of nation region, or a decrease in Demand, an increase in Supply, a decrease in Production Cost, or a decrease in Labor Productivity in the local region.

Exports to Rest of World

Exports to Rest of World is the amount of local production exported out of the local region to the rest of the world.

Exports to Rest of World is affected by changes in the level of international exports, or changes in the Production Cost in the local region.

For example, an increase in Exports to Rest of World can be caused by an increase in the level of international exports, or a decrease in Production Cost in the local region.

Exports to Rest of World Employment

Exports to Rest of World Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for a region's goods and services from the rest of the world.

Exports to Rest of World Employment is affected by changes in the level of international exports, or changes in the Production Cost or Labor Productivity in the local region.

For example, an increase in Exports to Rest of World Employment can be caused by an increase in the level of international exports, or a decrease in Production Cost or Labor Productivity in the local region.

Family Assistance

These benefits were payments to low-income families under the State-administered Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and emergency assistance programs that received Federal matching funds. During 1997, these programs were superseded by the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program.

Federal Civilian

Federal Civilian government spending is the amount the Federal Civilian sector spends on employees, goods, and services in the local area. Federal Civilian government spending is allocated to the local area based on its share of Federal Civilian employment in the last history year relative to the nation.

Federal Civilian government spending in a region is exogenous and maintained at a fixed share of the corresponding national value.

Federal Education and Training Assistance (excluding Veterans')

Federal Education & Training Assistance (excluding Veterans') consists of Federal fellowship benefits, Interest payments on guaranteed student loans, Higher education student assistance, and Job Corps benefits.

Federal Equipment Tax Rate

Federal Equipment Tax Rate is a federal tax on Producers' Durable Equipment, which enters an industry's Relative Capital Costs by affecting the cost of equipment. Federal Equipment Tax Rate is determined outside of the model.

Federal Government

The term "Federal Government" refers to personal current taxes to the federal government. This line total includes tax payments on income retained by fiduciaries on behalf of individuals.

Federal Government Payments

Federal Government Payments consist mainly of the payments to private nonprofit hospitals for hospital construction and the payments to private educational institutions on behalf of the recipients of Federal fellowships, Pell grants, and other education and training programs.

Federal Investment Tax Credit

Federal Investment Tax Credit is a federal tax credit on Investment, which enters an industry's Relative Capital Costs by affecting the cost of equipment.

Federal Investment Tax Credit is determined outside of the model.

Federal Military

Federal Military government spending is the amount the Federal Military spends on employees, goods, and services in the local area. Federal Military government spending is allocated to the local area based on its share of Federal Military employment in the last history year relative to the nation.

Federal Military government spending in a region is exogenous and maintained at a fixed share of the corresponding national value.

Food Stamps

These benefits are measured as the value of the food stamps issued to qualifying low-income individuals in order to supplement their ability to purchase food. Eligibility is determined by the state authorities' interpretation of Federal regulations; the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) pays the cost of the stamps.

Fuel Costs

See Relative Fuel Costs.

Gas and Electric Capital Stock (K*)

Gas and Electric Capital Stock (K*) is the share of Non-Residential Optimal Capital Stock attributable to the public utility sector.

General Sales and Gross Receipts Taxes

Includes: Taxes applicable with only specified exceptions (e.g., food and prescribed medicines) to sales of all types of goods and services or to all gross receipts, whether at a single rate or at classified rates; and sales use taxes.

Excludes: Taxes imposed distinctively on sales of or gross receipts from selected commodities, services, or businesses (report at Selective Sales and Gross Receipts Taxes).

Government Demand Employment

Government Demand Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for goods and services by government expenditures.

Government Demand Employment is affected by changes in Government spending and Labor Productivity.

For example, an increase in Government Demand Employment can be caused by an increase in Government spending or a decrease in Labor Productivity.

Government Payments to Individuals

Government Payments to Individuals consist of Retirement and disability payments, Medical benefits, Income maintenance benefit payments, Unemployment insurance benefits, Veterans' benefits payments, Federal education and training benefits, and Other government payments to individuals.

Gross Employees In

The number of Employees who work in the local region and live in another.

Gross Employees Out

The number of Employees who live in the local region and work in another.

Gross In

The income of Employees who live in the local region and work in another.

Gross Out

The income of Employees who work in the local region and live in another.

Gross Regional Product

Gross Regional Product as a Value Added concept is analogous to the national concept of Gross Domestic Product. It is equal to output excluding the intermediate inputs, and represents compensation and profits. Gross Regional Product as a Final Demand concept is equal to Consumption + Investment + Government + (Exports - Imports).

Gross Regional Product is affected by changes in Demand.

For example, an increase in Gross Regional Product can be caused by an increase in Demand.

Health

Amount spent by the state or local government for Health.

Higher Education

Amount spent by the state or local government for Higher Education.

Housing Price

See Relative Housing Price.

Imports from Multiregions

Imports from Multiregions is the amount of goods and services produced in other regions in a multi-region model that are consumed locally.

Imports from Multiregions is affected by changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the other regions in a multi-region model, or changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the local region.

For example, an increase in Imports from Multiregions can be caused by an increase in Demand, a decrease in Supply, or an increase in Production Cost in the local region, or a decrease in Demand, an increase in Supply, or a decrease in Production Cost in other regions in a multi-region model.

Imports from Rest of Nation

Imports from Rest of Nation is the amount of goods and services produced in the rest of nation region that are consumed locally.

Imports from Rest of Nation is affected by changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the rest of nation region, or changes in Supply, Demand, or Production Cost in the local region.

For example, an increase in Imports from Rest of Nation can be caused by an increase in Demand, a decrease in Supply, or an increase in Production Cost in the local region, or a decrease in Demand, an increase in Supply, or a decrease in Production Cost in the rest of nation region.

Imports from Rest of World

Imports from Rest of World is the amount of goods and services produced in the rest of the world that are consumed locally.

Imports from Rest of World is affected by changes in the level of international imports, or changes in the Production Cost in the local region.

For example, an increase in Imports from Rest of World can be caused by an increase in the level of international imports, or an increase in Production Cost in the local region.

Income Maintenance Benefit Payments

Income Maintenance Benefit Payments include Supplemental security income (SSI) benefits, Family assistance, Food stamps, and Other income maintenance payments.

Indirect Effects

All of the economic effects not included in the exogenous (direct) change entered through policy variables for a simulation; indirect effects = induced effects + intermediate effects.

Individual Income Taxes (gross)

Income taxes (gross) represents the sum of the income taxes that are withheld, usually by employers, from wages and salaries; the quarterly payments of estimated taxes on income that is usually not subject to withholding; and final settlements, which are additional tax payments that are made when the tax returns for a year are filed or as a result of audits by the Federal Government.

Individual Income Taxes (net of refunds)

Income taxes (net of refunds) consist of individual income tax payments to the Federal Government, net of refunds.

Individual Income Taxes

Includes:
Taxes on individuals, measured by net income and taxes on special types of income (e.g., interest, dividends, income from intangible property, etc.).

Excludes:
Taxes using income from intangible property as a measure of its value as of assessment date (report at Property Taxes); income taxes on unincorporated businesses (report at Corporation Net Income); payroll taxes to finance insurance trust programs, such as Social Security taxes (report at appropriate Insurance Trust Revenue code); and city gross earnings taxes (report at Taxes, NEC).

Notes:
Includes combined individual and corporation income taxes where proceeds cannot be separated.

Induced Effects

Economic effects resulting from the re-spending of wages, i.e., new employees have money to spend.

Industrial Mix Index (average)

Industrial Mix Index (average) is a measure of the difference in a region's growth due to its industrial composition, relative to the nation. If Industrial Mix Index (average) is greater than one, then the region has a mix of detailed industries that have a rate of growth that is higher than the average growth as represented by the summary or sector industry that they belong to. The term "average" indicates that the industrial mix index of more detailed industries is aggregated to a lower level using a weighted average.

Industrial Mix Index (calculated)

Industrial Mix Index (calculated) is a measure of the difference in a region's growth due to its industrial composition, relative to the nation. If Industrial Mix Index (calculated) is greater than one, then the region has a mix of detailed industries that have a rate of growth that is higher than the average growth as represented by the summary or sector industry that they belong to. The term "calculated" indicates that the industrial mix index at a lower level is calculated directly from aggregated data instead of using a weighted average.

Insurance Trusts

Amount spent by the state or local government for Insurance Trusts.

Interest

See Dividends, Interest, and Rent.

Interest on Debt

Amount spent by the state or local government for Interest on Debt.

Interest Rate on Moody AAA Bonds

Interest Rate on Moody AAA Bonds is the annual average interest rate of Moody AAA Bonds as reported by the Federal Reserve.

Intergovernmental

Amounts paid to other governments for performance of specific functions or for general financial support. Includes grants, shared taxes, contingent loans and advances, and any significant and identifiable amounts or reimbursement paid to other governments for performance of general government services or activities. Excludes amounts paid to other governments for purchase of commodities, property, or utility services, and for any tax levied as such on facilities of the government.

The functional classification of intergovernmental expenditure is determined by the nature of the activities to which the receiving government is required to apply it by the paying government, or by the functional classification of activities giving rise to particular items of reimbursement. By definition, all intergovernmental expenditures for activities administered by independent or dependent school systems are classified under education (e.g., school lunch and health programs).

Intergovernmental Revenue from Local Governments

Amounts received from local governments for use in performing specific functions, for general financial assistance, or as share of tax proceeds.

For state governments, includes local government shares of state-administered programs requiring local financial participation; reimbursements from local governments for services provided to them by the state, such as auditing local accounts; monies from localities to pay debt service on state debt issued for the benefit of local governments; and repayments of contingent loans and advances previously extended to local governments.

For local governments, includes financial support from other local governments for activities administered by the recipient locality, including its dependent agencies; state aid channeled through other local governments which have some discretion as to its distribution; reimbursements for services provided to other local governments (other than for utility services); and payments-in-lieu-of-taxes on other local governments' property.

For state governments, excludes monies received from local governments and held in an agency capacity on their behalf (e.g., to repay interest and principal on local debt); receipt of state-imposed taxes or other state revenues collected by local governments acting as agents for the state; taxes on local government facilities (report last two exclusions at the appropriate Tax code); proceeds from the sale, liquidation, or earnings of local government securities held by the state (nonrevenues except for earnings); proceeds from sale of buildings, property, or commodities (report at the appropriate Miscellaneous General Revenue code); charges for utility services to local governments (report at the appropriate Utility Revenue code); and contributions from local governments for employee retirement or other insurance trust systems (report at the appropriate Insurance Trust code).

For local governments, excludes state grants or shared taxes to be transmitted through government with no discretion as to their distribution (report at Intergovernmental Revenue from the State Government for the final recipient local government); receipt of taxes or other charges collected by another local government acting as the receiving government's agent (report at the appropriate Tax code); proceeds from the sale, liquidation, or earnings of local government securities held by other localities (nonrevenues except for earnings); taxes on facilities of other local governments; proceeds from the sale of buildings, property, or commodities (report at the appropriate Miscellaneous General Revenue code); charges for utility services to other local governments (report at the appropriate Utility Revenue code); and payments-in-lieu-of-taxes from private organizations like private colleges.

Intergovernmental Revenue from the Federal Government

Amounts received directly from the Federal Government. For states, includes Federal grants and aid, payments-in-lieu-of-taxes on Federal property, reimbursements for state activities, and revenue received but later transmitted through the state to local governments. For local governments, includes only direct aid from the Federal Government. (Report Federal grants channeled through the states as Intergovernmental Revenue from the State Government at the local government level.)

Excludes amounts received by state governments which are distributed to individuals without discretion as to how they are disbursed (e.g., certain veterans' benefits); rental or sale of buildings, property, or commodities to the Federal Government (report at appropriate General Charges or Miscellaneous General Revenue code); taxes on Federal property (report at Property Taxes); and proceeds from the sale, liquidation, or earnings of Federal securities (nonrevenues except for earnings).

Also excludes charges for utility services to Federal Government (report at the appropriate Utility Revenue code); payments-in-lieu-of-taxes from independent special district housing authorities even though they may be designated locally as "Federal" agencies (report at Intergovernmental Revenue from Local Governments); and value of noncash assistance (e.g., gifts of food, property, land, etc.).

Intergovernmental Revenue from the State Government

Amounts received directly from the state government, including Federal aid passed through the state government and state aid channeled through intermediate local governments (e.g., counties) which have no discretion as to its distribution.

Includes state grants-in-aid, regardless of basis of distribution; local shares of state-collected taxes; payments-in-lieu-of-taxes on state property; and reimbursement for services performed for state government (e.g., care of state prisoners in local jails, construction or maintenance of state highway facilities, etc.).

Excludes proceeds from sale of buildings, property, or commodities (report at appropriate Miscellaneous General Revenue code); charges for utility services to state government (report at appropriate Utility Revenue code); taxes on state government facilities; contributions from state for locally-administered employee retirement systems; and retained share or collection "fee" on state-imposed taxes collected by local governments (report at appropriate Tax code).

Also excludes proceeds from the sale, liquidation, or earnings of state government securities held by local governments (nonrevenues except for earnings); receipt of locally-imposed taxes collected by state acting as an agent for local governments (report at appropriate Tax code); agency receipts (i.e., amounts received for transmittal to other governments or individuals without discretion as to how they are disbursed by the agent government); and value of noncash assistance (e.g., gifts of property, commodities, etc.).

This category relates only to Federal and local government finances, since the Census Bureau does not recognize state-to-state payments as intergovernmental transactions in its classification schema.

Intermediate Demand Employment

Intermediate Demand Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for material inputs to the production of final goods.

Intermediate Demand Employment is affected by changes in Intermediate Demand and Labor Productivity.

For example, an increase in Intermediate Demand Employment can be caused by an increase in Intermediate Demand or a decrease in Labor Productivity.

Intermediate Effects

Economic effects resulting from the purchase of intermediate goods, i.e., inputs to the production of final goods.

Intermediate Inputs

Goods and services used as inputs to the production of final goods.

International Migrants

Migrants coming from the rest of the world; a fixed regional share of national immigration is calculated with national immigration projected by the Census. The national migrant age distribution serves as the distribution of international migrants.

International Migration

Migration coming from the rest of the world; a fixed regional share of national immigration is calculated with national immigration projected by the Census. The national migrant age distribution serves as the distribution of international migrants.

Investment Activity Demand Employment

Investment Activity Demand Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for capital goods.

Investment Activity Demand Employment is affected by changes in Investment spending and Labor Productivity.

For example, an increase in Investment Activity Demand Employment can be caused by an increase in Investment spending or a decrease in Labor Productivity.

Investment Tax Credit

Investment Tax Credit is a tax credit on Investment, which enters an industry's Relative Capital Costs by affecting the cost of equipment.

Investment Tax Credits are determined outside of the model.

Labor Access Index

Labor Access Index is an index that estimates the effect of access to labor choice and individual characteristics by occupation and industry on labor productivity. The index is relative to the nation, and benchmarked to the last history year.

Labor Access Index is affected by changes in Employment by occupation and industry.

For example, an increase in Labor Access Index can be caused by an increase in Employment by occupation and industry in local and neighboring areas. It can also be increased by reducing commuting costs.

Labor Force

The number of people in the labor force, i.e., employed or seeking work; calculated with participation rates by age cohort.

Labor Force Participation Rates

The labor force divided by the size of the population in a particular age-gender-racial cohort.

Labor Intensity

See Relative Labor Intensity.

Labor Productivity

Labor Productivity is Output divided by Employment (Output per Employee).

Labor Productivity is affected by changes in Relative Labor Intensity, Labor Access Index, and national Labor Productivity.

For example, an increase in Labor Productivity can be caused by a decrease in Relative Labor Intensity, an increase in the Labor Access Index, or an increase in national Labor Productivity.

Labor Supply

The number of people in the labor force, i.e., employed or seeking work; calculated with participation rates by age cohort.

Less: Refunds

Personal current taxes are tax payments (net of refunds) that are made by persons and that are not chargeable to business expense, and certain other payments by persons to government agencies (except government enterprises) that are treated like taxes.

Local Consumption Demand Employment

Local Consumption Demand Employment is the employment needed to satisfy demand for consumer goods.

Local Consumption Demand Employment is affected by changes in Consumption and Labor Productivity.

For example, an increase in Local Consumption Demand Employment can be caused by an increase in Consumption or a decrease in Labor Productivity.

Local Expenditures at Adjusted State Average Rates

State-specific average rates for Local Expenditures are calculated by dividing the state-specific local expenditures (from State and Local Government Finance Estimates, by State, U.S. Census Bureau) by an appropriate base (base data comes from the REMI historical database for each individual state). Local-specific rates are determined by adjusting the state rates to reflect local differences in spending per capita.

Local Expenditure estimates by region are calculated within Policy Insight by multiplying the state-specific local expenditure rate by the appropriate local base data.

Local Government

Local Government spending is the amount spent by the Local Government on all employees, goods, and services. This spending is allocated in the last history year based on Local Government Employment and Population.

Local Government spending is affected by changes in Population.

For example, Local Government spending will increase when Population increases.

Local Governments

The term "Local governments" refers to personal current taxes to local governments.

Local Revenues at Adjusted State Average Rates

State-specific average rates for Local Revenues are calculated by dividing the state-specific local revenues (from State and Local Government Finance Estimates, by State, U.S. Census Bureau) by an appropriate base (base data comes from the REMI historical database for each individual state). Local-specific rates are determined by adjusting the state rates to reflect local differences in spending per capita.

Local Revenue estimates by region are calculated within Policy Insight by multiplying the state-specific local revenue rate by the appropriate local base data.

Medical Payments

Medical Payments include Medicare benefits, Medical vendor payments, and Military medical insurance benefits.

Medicare Payments

These benefits are Federal Government payments made through intermediaries to beneficiaries for the care provided to individuals under the provisions of the Medicare program.

Migrant Births

Natality rate (divided by two, which reflects an average of one-half year of residency) applied to net migrants; added to population if positive, and vice versa.

Migrant Deaths

Mortality rate (divided by two, which reflects an average of one-half year of residency) applied to net migrants; subtracted from population if positive, and vice versa.

Migrants

Includes all people who move from one area to another; the categories of migrants are: economic, retired, former military personnel and their dependents, and international.

Migration

The total net number of people entering a region; the sum of economic, retired, and international migration.

Military Medical Insurance Payments

Military Medical Insurance Payments consist of payments made under the TriCare Management Program (formerly called CHAMPUS) for the medical care of dependents of active duty military personnel, and of retired military personnel and their dependents, at nonmilitary medical facilities.

Motor Fuels

Includes:
Taxes on gasoline, diesel oil, aviation fuel, "gasohol", and any other fuels used in motor vehicles or aircraft.

Excludes:
Taxes on sale of fuels other than motor fuels — e.g., for heating, lighting, cooking, etc. (report at Other Selective Sales Taxes); and refunds of fuel taxes (deduct from gross tax proceeds).

Motor Vehicle Licenses

Personal Tax and Nontax Payments to state governments from motor vehicle licenses.

Motor Vehicles

Includes:
Licenses imposed on owners or operators of motor vehicles for the right to use public highways, such as fees for title, registration, license plates, vehicle inspection, vehicle mileage, weight taxes on motor carriers, highway use taxes, and off-highway fees.

Excludes:
Personal property taxes on motor vehicles; sales or gross receipts taxes on the sale of motor vehicles; taxes on motor carriers based on assessed value of property, gross receipts, and net income; and other taxes on the business of motor transport.

National Deflator

National Deflator is an industry-specific national price deflator, which is determined outside of the model.

National Non-Residential Actual Capital Stock

National Non-Residential Actual Capital Stock is the amount of non-residential capital (non-housing structures) in the nation accumulated over time net of depreciation.

National Non-Residential Optimal Capital Stock

National Non-Residential Optimal Capital Stock is the amount of capital required to satisfy the current demand for non-residential capital stock in the nation.

National Residential Actual Capital Stock

National Residential Actual Capital Stock is the amount of residential capital (housing structures) in the nation accumulated over time net of depreciation.

National Residential Optimal Capital Stock

National Residential Optimal Capital Stock is the amount of capital required to satisfy the current demand for residential capital stock in the nation.

Natural Resources, Parks, Housing

Amount spent by the state or local government for Natural Resources, Parks, and Housing.

Net Earnings by Place of Residence

Net earnings by place of residence is earnings by place of work - the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, and proprietors' income - less contributions for government social insurance, plus an adjustment to convert earnings by place of work to a place-of-residence basis.

Net Residence Adjustment

Net Residence Adjustment is the net inflow of the net labor earnings of interarea commuters. Personal income in a region is based on the residence of the income recipients. However, the source data for most of the components of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, and contributions for government social insurance are on a place-of-work basis. Consequently, a residence adjustment is made to convert these sources of data to a place-of-residence basis.

Net Residence Adjustment is affected by changes in Wage & Salary Disbursements, Proprietors' Income, the sum of income in the rest of the multi-area region, and the income in the rest of the nation/world region.

A negative Net Residence Adjustment indicates that the flow of income from non-residents commuting into the area and taking income out is greater than the flow of income from residents commuting out of the area and taking income in.

Non-Residential

Non-Residential investment is the amount of investment spending on non-residential structures.

Non-Residential investment is affected by changes in the Optimal Non-Residential Capital Stock and the Actual Non-Residential Capital Stock.

For example, an increase in Non-Residential investment can be caused by an increase in the Optimal Non-Residential Capital Stock or a decrease in the Actual Non-Residential Capital Stock.

Non-Residential Depreciation Rate

Non-Residential Depreciation Rate is the rate at which the capital stock depreciates for non-residential capital. This is a national rate and is held constant.

Number of Iterations

Number of Iterations is the number of steps in the Gauss-Sidel solution method used to solve each variable within the convergence criteria.

Old Age, Survivors, and Disability

These benefits, popularly known as Social Security, consist mainly of monthly benefits received by retired and disabled workers, dependents, and survivors, and of lump-sum payments received by survivors.

Optimal Capital Stock

See Regional Residential Optimal Capital Stock and Regional Non-Residential Optimal Capital Stock.

Other Assistance to Veterans

These benefits consist of state and local government payments of assistance to indigent veterans, and state and local government payments of bonuses to veterans.

Other Charges & Revenue

Amounts received from the public for performance of specific services which benefit the person charged and from sale of commodities or services other than education, utilities, and liquor stores. Includes fees, maintenance assessments, and other reimbursements for current services; rents and sales derived from commodities or services furnished incident to the performance of particular functions; gross income of commercial enterprises; and the like. Charges are distinguished from license taxes, which are privileges granted by a government or fees collected to finance regulatory activities.

Excludes special assessments; amounts received from other governments in return for services provided (report at appropriate Intergovernmental Revenue code); and interdepartmental charges and interfund transfers within the same government.

Report current charges on a gross basis without deducting the cost of providing related services.

Other Government Disability Insurance & Retirement

Other Government Disability Insurance & Retirement Payments consists largely of temporary disability payments, Pension Benefit Guaranty payments, and black lung payments.

Other Income Maintenance

Other Income Maintenance consists largely of general assistance, refugee assistance, foster home care and adoption assistance, earned income tax credits, and energy assistance.

Other Payments to Individuals

Other Payments to Individuals consist of Compensation of survivors of public safety officers, Compensation of victims of crime, Alaska Permanent Fund benefits, Disaster relief benefits, Japanese interns' redress benefits, Radiation exposure payments, Federal educational exchange benefits, and Bureau of Indian Affairs benefits.

Other Sales Taxes

Amusements
Includes taxes on admission tickets or admission charges, and on gross receipts of all or specified types of amusement businesses.

Insurance Premiums
Includes taxes imposed distinctively on insurance companies and measured by gross premiums or adjusted gross premiums.

Pari-mutuels
Includes taxes measured by amounts wagered or bet on horse-racing, dog racing, jai alai, etc., including "breakage" collected by the government.
Excludes race track licenses not based on amounts wagered (report at Amusement License Taxes) and sales taxes on race track admissions.

Other Selective Sales and Gross Receipts Taxes
Includes taxes on specific commodities, businesses, or services not reported separately above (e.g., on contractors, lodging, lubricating oil, fuels other than motor fuel, motor vehicles, meals, soft drinks, margarine, etc.).

Other State Government Insurance Trust Systems

Contributions and earnings on investments for state-administered social insurance systems for sickness benefits, disability benefits, and other purposes. This category applies solely to state governments.

Other Tax

Alcoholic Beverages
Includes licenses for manufacturing, importing, wholesaling, and retailing of alcoholic beverages.
Excludes taxes based on volume or value of transactions (report at Alcoholic Beverage Sales Taxes) or on assessed value of property (report at Property Taxes); and Federal customs duties on alcoholic beverage imports.

Amusements
Includes licenses on amusement businesses generally and on specific types of amusement enterprises or devices (e.g., race tracks, movie theaters, athletic events, pinball and video game machines, etc.).
Excludes "licenses" based on value or number of admissions (report at Amusements Sales Taxes), on amount of wagers (report at Pari-mutuels Sales Taxes), or on gross or net income and receipts.

Corporations in General
Includes franchise license taxes; organization, filing and entrance fees; taxes on property measured by amount of corporate stock, debt, or other basis besides assessed value of property; and other licenses applicable with few, specified exceptions to all corporations.
Excludes taxes on corporations based on value of property, on net income (report at Corporation Net Income Taxes), or on gross receipts from sales, other than at minor rates; and taxes distinctively imposed on particular kinds of businesses, such as public utilities, insurance companies, etc. (report at appropriate Selective Sales Tax).

Hunting and Fishing
Includes licenses for commercial and noncommercial hunting and fishing; and shipping permits.

Motor Vehicle Operators
Includes licenses for the privilege of driving motor vehicles, both commercial and private.

Public Utilities
Includes licenses distinctively imposed on public utilities, whether privately- or publicly-owned, such as passenger and freight transportation companies; telephone, telegraph, and light and power companies; and others.
Excludes taxes measured by gross or net income, units of service sold, value of property (report previous items at appropriate tax code related to the type of measurement concerned); and payments-in-lieu-of-taxes received from other government-owned utilities (report at Intergovernmental Revenue).

Occupation and Businesses, NEC
Includes licenses (including examination and inspection fees) required of persons engaged in particular professions, trades, or occupations; taxes on insurance companies based on value of their policies; such taxes on businesses not elsewhere classified; and charges or fees relating to the inspection and marketing of commodities (e.g., seed, feed, fertilizer, gasoline, oil, citrus fruit, etc.).

Other License Taxes
Includes licenses not listed separately above (e.g., animal licenses including "per head" levies on livestock, health permits, marriage licenses, building and equipment permits, individual permits to purchase liquor, registration fees on aircraft and pleasure boats, and other nonbusiness privileges).

Death and Gift Taxes
Includes taxes imposed on the transfer of property at death, in contemplation of death, or as a gift (e.g., inheritance and estate taxes).

Documentary and Stock Transfer Taxes
Includes taxes on the recording, registration, and transfer of documents, such as mortgages, deeds, and securities.
Excludes taxes on the recording or transfer of motor vehicle titles (report at Motor Vehicle Licenses).

Severance Taxes
Includes taxes imposed distinctively on removal (severance) of natural resources (e.g., oil, gas, coal, other minerals, timber, fish, etc.) from land or water and measured by the value or quantity of products removed or sold.

Taxes, NEC
Includes taxes not listed separately or provided for in categories above, such as taxes on land at a specified rate per acre (rather than on assessed value).

Miscellaneous Revenue
Miscellaneous general revenues which do not fall into one of the other Tax, Intergovernmental Revenue, or Current Charges categories.

Other Taxes

Other taxes consists largely of hunting and fishing taxes and other license taxes to state governments, and of miscellaneous fees (marriage licenses, registration of pleasure boats, and licenses for pets) to local governments.

Other Unemployment Compensation

Consists of trade readjustment allowance payments, Redwood Park benefit payments, public service employment benefit payments, and transitional benefit payments.

Output

Output is the amount of production, including all intermediate goods purchased as well as value added (compensation and profit). Can also be thought of as sales or supply. The components of Output are Self Supply and Exports (Multiregions, Rest of Nation, and Rest of World).

Output is affected by changes in industry Demand in all regions in the nation, the home region's share of each market, and international exports from the region.

For example, an increase in Output is caused by an increase in Demand, an increase in market share, or an increase in international exports.

Payments to Nonprofit Institutions

Payments to Nonprofit Institutions consist of the payments made by the Federal Government, state governments, local governments, and businesses to nonprofit organizations that serve individuals. These payments exclude Federal Government payments for work under research and development contracts.

PCE-Price Index

PCE-Price Index is the personal consumption expenditure price index, and is based on 100 for the nation in the reference year. A region's PCE-Price Index may or may not equal 100 in the reference year; if it is lower than 100, then prices in the region are less than in the nation, if higher, then prices in the region are higher than in the nation. Used to deflate nominal personal income to real personal income.

PCE-Price Index is affected by changes in Consumption Commodity Prices.

For example, an increase in PCE-Price Index can be caused by an increase in any of the Consumption Commodity Prices.

PCE-Price Index with Housing Price

PCE-Price Index with Housing Price is a personal consumption expenditure price index, based on 100 for the nation in the reference year, that takes into account the price of housing relative to the nation. A region's PCE-Price Index may or may not equal 100 in the reference year. If lower than 100, then prices in the area are less than those in the nation; if higher, then prices are higher than those in the nation. Used to deflate nominal Disposable Personal Income to Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price. This is the price index used in the migration equation.

PCE-Price Index with Housing Price is affected by changes in the PCE-Price Index or changes in the Relative Housing Price.

For example, an increase in the PCE-Price Index with Housing Price can be caused by an increase in the PCE-Price Index or an increase in the Relative Housing Price.

Personal Income

Personal Income is the income that is received by all persons from all sources. It is calculated as the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, proprietors' income with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment, personal dividend income, personal interest income, and personal current transfer receipts, less contributions for government social insurance.

The personal income of an area is the income that is received by, or on behalf of, all the individuals who live in the area; therefore, the estimates of personal income are presented by the place of residence of the income recipients.

Personal Income is affected by changes of any of the components listed above.

For example, an increase in Personal Income can be caused by an increase in Wage and Salary Disbursements, Supplements to Wages and Salaries, Proprietors' Income, Rental Income, Personal Dividend Income, Personal Interest Income, or Personal Current Transfer Receipts, or a decrease in Contributions for Government Social Insurance.

Personal Income As % of Nation

Personal Income As % of Nation is Personal Income in the region as a share of the nation.

Personal Income As % of Nation is affected by changes in Personal Income in the region relative to the nation.

For example, an increase in Personal Income As % of Nation can be caused by an increase in Personal Income in the region and a decrease (or smaller increase) in Personal Income in the nation.

Personal Taxes

Personal Taxes are tax payments (net of refunds) by persons that are not chargeable to business expense, and certain other payments that are made by persons to government agencies (except government enterprises) that are treated like taxes (includes taxes on income, including realized net capital gains, and on personal property). Contributions for government social insurance are not included.

Personal Taxes are affected by changes in Personal Income and the personal income tax rate.

For example, an increase in Personal Taxes can be caused by an increase in Personal Income or an increase in the personal income tax rate.

Police, Fire, Correction

Amount spent by the state or local government for Police, Fire, and Correction.

Population

Population reflects mid-year estimates of people, including survivors from the previous year, births, special populations, and three types of migrants (economic, international, and retired).

Population is affected by changes in Total Migration, Special Populations, Natality Rates, and Survival Rates.

For example, an increase in Population can be caused by an increase in one or more of the variables noted above.

Population As % of Nation

Population As % of Nation is Population in the region as a share of the nation.

Population As % of Nation is affected by changes in Population in the region relative to the nation.

For example, an increase in Population As % of Nation can be caused by an increase in Population in the region and a decrease (or smaller increase) in Population in the nation.

Preference Coefficient

See Regional Residential Preference Coefficient or Regional Non-Residential Preference Coefficient.

Price Elasticity

The price elasticity of demand; the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in the price of the good, holding income constant.

Producers' Durable Equipment

Producers' Durable Equipment investment is the amount of investment spending on equipment and software.

Producers' Durable Equipment investment is affected by changes in Non-Residential investment.

For example, an increase in Producers' Durable Equipment investment can be caused by an increase in Non-Residential investment.

Production Cost

See Relative Cost of Production.

Property Tax Rate

Property Tax Rate is the amount of tax collections divided by the level of Residential and Non-residential Actual Capital Stock.

Property Tax Rates are determined outside of the model.

Property Taxes

Includes:
General property taxes, relating to property as a whole, taxed at a single rate or at classified rates according to the class of property. Property refers to real property (e.g., land and structures) as well as personal property; personal property can be either tangible (e.g., automobiles and boats) or intangible (e.g., bank accounts and stocks and bonds).

Special property taxes, levied on selected types of property (e.g., oil and gas properties, house trailers, motor vehicles, and intangibles) and subject to rates not directly related to general property tax rates.

Taxes based on income produced by property as a measure of its value on the assessment date.

Penalties and interest on delinquent property taxes; proceeds of tax sales and tax redemptions, up to the amount of taxes due plus penalties and interest (report any excess receipts as follows: report amounts retained by the taxing government at Miscellaneous General Revenue, NEC, and exclude any amounts held for or returned to original property owner(s)).

For governments collecting taxes as agents for another, includes any commissions, fees, or other items representing collection expenses retained from tax proceeds.

Excludes:
Discounts to taxpayers for prompt payment of their tax bill.

Taxes or other charges on property measured by any basis other than its value, such as area, frontage, and benefits from public improvements, or other "special assessments" as well as such measures as corporate stock, bank deposits, or "per head" taxes (see description under License Taxes).

Taxes measured by taxpayer's income from intangible property (report at Individual Income Taxes).

Taxes paid in protest and held by government in a suspense fund (report as property tax revenue if dispute is settled in government's favor; do not report as tax revenue any amounts returned to taxpayer).

Taxes from utility owned by the taxing government (nonrevenues).

Payments-in-lieu-of-taxes (if paid by another government, report at Intergovernmental Revenue; if paid by a private organization, report at Miscellaneous General Revenue, NEC; and if paid by another agency or utility of the same government, exclude entirely from revenue).

Proprietors' Income

This component of personal income is the current-production income (including income in kind) of sole proprietorships and partnerships and of tax-exempt cooperatives. Corporate directors' fees are included in proprietors' income, but the imputed net rental income of owner-occupants of all dwellings is included in rental income of persons. Proprietors' income excludes dividends and monetary interest received by nonfinancial business and rental incomes received by persons not primarily engaged in the real estate business; these incomes are included in dividends, net interest, and rental income of persons, respectively.

Public Assistance Medical Care

Public Assistance Medical Care consists of Medicaid and other medical vendor payments.

Public Utilities

Includes:
Taxes imposed distinctively on public utilities, both privately- and publicly-owned, such as public passenger and freight transportation companies, telephone, telegraph, light and power, and others; measured by gross receipts, gross earnings, or units of service sold, either as a direct tax on consumers or as a percentage of gross receipts of utility.

Excludes:
Payments-in-lieu-of-taxes from utilities operated by other governments (report at Intergovernmental Revenue); any tax or payment-in-lieu-of-taxes imposed on a government's own utility gross receipts (interfund transfer); taxes levied on such companies on any other basis (report at appropriate tax related to the type of measurement concerned).

Railroad Retirement and Disability

These benefits are received by retired and disabled railroad employees and their survivors under the Federal program of retirement insurance for railroad employees, who are not covered by OASDI.

Real Disposable Personal Income

Real Disposable Personal Income equals Disposable Personal Income deflated by the PCE-Price Index (the Personal Consumption Expenditure Price Index).

Real Disposable Personal Income is affected by changes in Disposable Personal Income and the PCE-Price Index.

For example, an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income can be caused by an increase in Disposable Personal Income or a decrease in PCE-Price Index.

Real Disposable Personal Income As % of Nation

Real Disposable Personal Income As % of Nation is Real Disposable Personal Income in the region as a share of the nation.

Real Disposable Personal Income As % of Nation is affected by changes in Real Disposable Personal Income in the region relative to the nation.

For example, an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income As % of Nation can be caused by an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income in the region and a decrease (or smaller increase) in Real Disposable Personal Income in the nation.

Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita

Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita equals Real Disposable Personal Income divided by Population.

Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita is affected by changes in Real Disposable Personal Income and Population.

For example, an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita can be caused by an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income or a decrease in Population.

Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price

Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price is Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price divided by Population.

Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price is affected by changes in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price and Population.

For example, an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price can be caused by an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price or a decrease in Population.

Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price

Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price is Disposable Personal Income divided by the PCE-Price Index with Housing Price (based on the current reference year for national-based price indices) - the amount of real dollars available for consumption and savings when considering the price of housing relative to the nation.

Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price is affected by changes in Disposable Personal Income and the PCE-Price Index with Housing Price.

For example, an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price can be caused by an increase in Disposable Personal Income or a decrease in PCE-Price Index with Housing Price.

Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price As % of Nation

Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price As % of Nation is Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price in the region as a share of the nation.

Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price As % of Nation is affected by changes in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price in the region relative to the nation.

For example, an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price As % of Nation can be caused by an increase in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price in the region and a decrease (or smaller increase) in Real Disposable Personal Income with Housing Price in the nation.

Real Personal Income

Real Personal Income is Personal Income divided by the PCE-Price Index (based on the current reference year for national-based price indices).

Real Personal Income is affected by changes in Personal Income and the PCE-Price Index.

For example, an increase in Real Personal Income can be caused by an increase in Personal Income or a decrease in the PCE-Price Index.

Real Personal Income As % of Nation

Real Personal Income As % of Nation is the Real Personal Income in the region as a share of the nation.

Real Personal Income As % of Nation is affected by changes in Real Personal Income in the region relative to the nation.

For example, an increase in Real Personal Income As % of Nation can be caused by an increase in Real Personal Income in the region and a decrease (or smaller increase) in Real Personal Income in the nation.

Real Personal Income per Capita

Real Personal Income per Capita is Real Personal Income divided by Population.

Real Personal Income per Capita is affected by changes in Real Personal Income and Population.

For example, an increase in Real Personal Income per Capita can be caused by an increase in Real Personal Income or a decrease in Population.

Real Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price

Real Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price is Real Personal Income with Housing Price divided by Population.

Real Personal Income per Capita with Housing Price is affected by changes in Real Person